I can think of some good evidence against that idea, but none for it. Of course, that doesn't mean that there isn't any.
Terms for races are a good example, I think. A term like negro becomes tainted with racism, so we move on to colored, and then to black, and then to African American (though black is still very common). Changing the words didn't change how people viewed blacks.
Of course, maybe that doesn't actually contradict what you said. If someone is racist, telling them to use black instead of colored isn't going to magically change their views. But I still think that changing your views comes first, not changing your language.